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Objective:To explore the therapeutic effect and mechanism of Chaihu Yueju decoction on model rats induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress （CUMS）. Method:The 60 SD rats were randomly divided into normal group， model group， Chaihu Yueju decoction low， medium and high-dose groups（0.3， 0.6， 1.2 g·kg-1） and fluoxetine hydrochloride group（0.2 mg·kg-1）， 10 for each group. The model rats was established by chronic unpredictable mild stress for 5 weeks， and then Chaihu Yueju decoction and fluoxetine hydrochloride were given to the corresponding treatment group by gavage for 3 weeks. In the last week of gavage， Morris water maze training and testing were conducted. After the last day of gavage， sugar water preference and other behavioral experiment were tested. The sugar water preference test was used to detect the degree of pleasure deficiency in rats before and after treatment， the open field test was used to detect the depression of rats before and after treatment， the spatial memory ability was tested by Morris water maze. Western blot was used to detect the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α（TNF-α）， 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A （5-HT1A）， extracellular signal-regulated kinase （ERK） and synapse associated protein in hippocampus of each group， Gloji and Nissl staining was used to observe the changes of dendritic spines and Nissl bodies in the hippocampus CA3. Result:Compared with normal group， the weight， sugar water preference rate， the scores of horizontal and vertical movement were significantly reduced （P<0.05）， and the immobility time was significantly prolonged in model group （P<0.05）. Meanwhile， the ability of learning and memory in model group decreased （P<0.05）. Western blot results showed that the levels of TNF-α was significantly increased （P<0.05）， and the levels of 5-HT1A， p-ERK， cyclic adenosine phosphate reactive element binding protein （CREB）， p-CREB， Synapsin-1，Synaptophysin， glutamate receptor subtype-1（GluR-1）and postsynaptic membrane protein-95（PSD-95） in model group were significantly decreased （P<0.05）. Gloji and Nissl staining results showed that the density of dendritic spines and the number of Nissl body in the hippocampal CA3 of the model group was obviously attenuate （P<0.05）. The results show that the neurons were evidently damaged. Compared with model group， the weight， sugar water preference rate， the scores of horizontal and vertical movement were clearly increased （P<0.05） and the immobility time was significantly shortened in fluoxetine hydrochloride group， middle dose and high dose Chaihu Yueju decoction group （P<0.05）. Western blot results showed that the levels of synaptophysin， GluR-1 and PSD-95 were significantly increased in fluoxetine hydrochloride group， middle dose and high dose Chaihu Yueju decoction group. The level of TNF-α was significantly decreased （P<0.05）， the levels of 5-HT1A， p-ERK， CREB， p-CREB and Synapsin-1 were remarkably increased （P<0.05）， especially the high dose group of Chaihu Yueju decoction. Gloji and Nissl staining results showed that the density of dendritic spines and the number of Nissl body in the hippocampal CA3 of high dose group were similarly increased in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion:Chaihu Yueju decoction could improves the weight， the depressive despair， autonomous activity ability and learning and memory ability of DP model rats. Its mechanism is closely related to attenuating the inflammatory reaction and enhancing the levels of 5-HT1A receptor protein， ERK and synapse related protein， then activating 5-HT/CREB and ERK/CREB signaling pathways， increasing the number and distribution of dendritic spines and repairing damaged neurons in the DP model rat's hippocampus.
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Aim To assess the effects of Trillium Tschonoskii Maxim ( TTM) decoction on learning and memory dysfunction in Alzheimer’ s disease ( AD ) model rats which induced by okadaic acid( OA) and its possible mechanism. Methods The SD rats were di-vided into ten groups,namely,d DMSO control group, OA group, TTM high-dose ( 0. 5 g·kg-1·d-1) group,TTM medium-dose ( 1 g·kg-1·d-1) group, TTM lower-dose (2 g·kg-1·d-1) group,and these groups were divided into one week and two weeks of gavage. Treatment groups were gavaged with TTM de-coction twice a day. After 5 days of Morris water maze training,treatment groups and AD model groups were injected with OA (0.392 mmol·L-1,1. 5 μL) in bi-lateral hippocampal of the rats. The DMSO groups were injected with 10% DMSO. The spatial memory reten- tion wereas detected by water maze at 24 h after injec-tion. After the test, we prepared sample for Western blot and Nissl’s staining. The Western blotting test was used to detect the PP2A activity and the phospho-rylation of Tau protein in the hippocampus. Nissl’'s staining was used to observe the changes of the number of Nissl’s bodies in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 re-gions. Results The Morris water maze test showed that after injection of OA, the latency of TTM groups wereas shorter than that of OA groups. Western blot showed that the high dose TTM could increase the ac-tivity of PP2A and decrease the level of Tau phospho-rylation at PS-Tau396,,PT-Tau404. The Nissl’s stai-ning results showed that the number of Nissl’s bodies in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions of OA groups wereas significantly attenuated compared with that of the number of Nissl's bodies in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions than DMSO groups. The number of Nissl’s bodies in high groups were morewas larger than that of OA group. Conclusion The results show that TTM can improve the learning and memory dysfunction in AD model rats which induced by OA. The mecha- nism wasis probably that TTM can increase PP2A ac-tivity and then down-regulate the level of Tau phospho-rylation and improve neural development.
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Aim To assess the effects of Trillium Tschonoskii Maxim ( TTM ) decoction on Tau protein phosphorylation and synaptic development in AD model rats induced by high activity GSK-3β. Methods The SD rats were divided into five groups of ten animals, named sham-operated group ( blank group) , AD model group, TTM group (0. 5, 0. 25, 0. 125 g·kg-1 · d-1 ) . Treatment group received gavage once a day for seven days with TTM decoction, while other groups by gavage once a day for seven days with drinking water. On 2nd day by gavage, Morris water maze test was used to assess the spatial learning and memory ability of the rats. After five days' training, rats in the treat-ment groups and AD model group were injected wort-mannin ( WT, PI3K specific inhibitor ) and GF-109203X (GFX, PKC specific inhibitor) (100 μmol ·L-1 of each, total volume of 10 μL) into the right lateral ventricle. Western blot was used to detect the levels of phosphorylation Tau protein at multiple sites and the expression level of PI3K, Akt, PKC, GSK-3β(S9, T216) and synapse-associated proteins. Immu-nohistochemical method was used to detect the hyper-phosphorylation of Tau protein in hippocampus of rats. Golgi staining was applied to detect the number and morphological changes of synaptic development and dendritic spines. Nissl' s staining was employed to ob-serve the development of neonatal neurons in hippo-campus and cortex. Results Western blot showed that the phosphorylation level of Tau in hippocampus increased in model group, and the activity of GSK-3βwas up-regulated. Among them, however, in middle dose TTM group, the phosphorylation level of Tau in hippocampus decreased and the activity of GSK-3βde-creased. The expression levels of p-PKC and p-Akt in low and middle dose treatment group were higher than those in model group, thus increasing the activity of PKC and Akt to inhibit the activity of GSK-3β kinase. Immunohistochemistry also indicated that TTM could decrease the biological effects of Tau phosphorylation in hippocampus of AD rats. Western blot showed that TTM could increase the expression levels of synapsin-1 , syn-aptophysin and GluR-1 in hippocampus of AD rats. Nissl staining showed that the number of Nissl bodies in hippocampal neurons of AD model group were signif-icantly fewer than those of sham operation group, which could be increased by TTM middle and high dose group, and the complexity and dendritic spine density of hippocampal neurons in AD rats could be en-hanced as well. Conclusion TTM can effectively im-prove the cognitive function of AD rats induced by the increase of GSK-3β activity, and its possible mecha-nism may be via down-regulating the activity of GSK-3β and inhibiting the phosphorylation of tau protein and promoting the development of neurons.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To compare the long-term outcomes of arthroscopy and non-surgical therapy in patients with knee synovial plica syndrome (SPS).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Thirty-one patients with knee SPS undergoing arthroscopic surgery and 27 SPS patients undergoing conservative treatment with articular cavity injection of sodium hyaluronate (control group) were compared for visual pain score (VAS) and the Lysholm score before and after the operation. The patients were followed-up for more than 5 years, and the long-term outcomes were compared using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>s VAS and the Lysholm scores in both groups were significantly lowered after treatment (P<0.05). The postoperative VAS score was significantly lower while the Lysholm score significantly higher in arthroscopic surgery group than in the control group (P<0.05). Arithmetic mean and the median time of curative effect maintenance were 49 and 43 months in arthroscopic surgery group, as compared with 33 and 29 months in the control group, respectively; the cumulative effect maintenance rate in arthroscopic surgery group was significantly higher than that in the control group (Χ2=4.933, P=4.933).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Arthroscopic treatment produces better therapeutic effect on knee joint SPS and ensures longer long-term therapeutic effect maintenance than conservative treatment.</p>
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Arthroscopy , Follow-Up Studies , Hyaluronic Acid , Injections, Intra-Articular , Joint Diseases , General Surgery , Knee Joint , Pathology , General Surgery , Pain, Postoperative , Postoperative Period , Synovectomy , Synovial Membrane , Pathology , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>To explore the clinical features of traumatic atlantoaxial instability combined with subaxial cervical spinal cord injury (CSCI), and to analyze the feasibility, indication and therapeutic effects of anterior-posterior approach in such cases.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From March 2004 to September 2009, 16 cases with this trauma were admitted and surgically treated in our department. Before surgery, skull traction was performed. Posterior atlantoaxial pedicle screw internal fixation and bone graft fusion were conducted to manage traumatic atlantoaxial instability. As for subaxial CSCI, anterior cervical corpectomy or discectomy decompression, bone grafting and internal fixation with steel plates were applied.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All operations were successful. The average operation time was 3 hours and operative blood loss 400 ml. Satisfactory reduction of both the upper and lower cervical spine and complete decompression were achieved. All patients were followed up for 12 to 36 months. Their clinical symptoms were improved by various levels. The Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scores ranged from 10 to 16 one year postoperatively, 13.95+/-2.06 on average(improvement rate equal to 70.10%). X-rays, spiral CT and MRI confirmed normal cervical alignments, complete decompression and fine implants'position. There was no breakage or loosening of screws, nor exodus of titanium mesh or implanted bone blocks. The grafted bone achieved fusion 3-6 months postoperatively and no atlantoaxial instability was observed.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Traumatic atlantoaxial instability may combine with subaxial CSCI, misdiagnosis of which should be especially alerted and avoided. For severe cases, one stage anterior-posterior approach to decompress the upper and lower cervical spine, together with reposition, bone grafting and fusion, as well as internal fixation can immediately restore the normal alignments and stability of the cervical spine and effectively improve the spinal nervous function, thus being an ideal approach.</p>
Subject(s)
Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Atlanto-Axial Joint , Wounds and Injuries , General Surgery , Joint Instability , Diagnosis , General Surgery , Spinal Cord Injuries , Diagnosis , General SurgeryABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze Helicobacter pylori infection in the gastric mucosa of patients with HIV/AIDS in different clinical stages.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>This study involved 170 patients with HIV/AIDS and 34 HIV-negative patients. All the patients underwent upper endoscopy and antral gastric biopsy to determine the status of Helicobacter pylori infection using aniline red staining and rapid urease test. The patients with HIV/AIDS were stratified based on CD4(+)T lymphocyte counts and clinical setting into asymptomatic HIV infection (A1, A2) group, symptomatic HIV infection (B1, B2) group and AIDS (A3, B3, C1-3) group.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in HIV/AIDS patients was 16.5% (28/170), and in the 3 groups classified, the infection rates were 23.4% (11/47), 14.0% (8/57), and 13.6% (9/66), respectively; the infection rate was 47.1% (16/34) in the control group. Helicobacter pylori infection rate in the gastric mucosa of the patients with HIV/AIDS in different clinical stages was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05); the infection rates in symptomatic HIV-infected (B1, B2) group and AIDS (A3, B3, C1-3) group were significantly lower than that in asymptomatic HIV-infected (A1, A2) group (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The low Helicobacter pylori infection rate in HIV/AIDS patients may result from severe immunodeficiency in the gastric mucosa.</p>